Trump, Nixon, and the Deep State
“ Is
there a deep state in the United States?” asked George Beebe in a recent essay. Yes, the former chief of Russia
analysis at CIA concluded, if the definition of “deep state” holds that
elements of the national security apparatus possess “the capability, albeit not
the legal authority, to abuse intelligence to alter the outcomes of national
elections or distort public-policy debates.”
Curbing
the power of this shadowy group, Beebe suggested, could be accomplished through
robust congressional oversight. Yet, in the minds of most analysts inclined to
afford the question any serious thought, the Deep State is usually considered
immune to the incursions of oversight committees. The group’s members are
thought to enjoy the same power over elected officials that blackjack dealers
hold over casino visitors: The house always wins.
Does
that Deep State exist?
A logical preliminary
question, posed with the same zoological dispassion we would reserve for
contemplation of any elusive species, such as the Loch Ness Monster, would
first inquire whether such a beast has ever been documented to exist. After
all, anyone affirming the existence, let alone the primacy, of the Deep State
in Trump-era Washington would presumably concede the impossibility of such
fearsome power amassing overnight, or in swift reaction to the ascendancy of a
specific political actor deemed an intolerable threat. Would it be a creature
solely of our time, the age of Big Data, or was there a Deep State before
computers were widely used?
One elected official
who could have been forgiven for believing as much was former President Richard
Nixon. While the 37th president effectively admitted to David Frost that he
obstructed justice in a Watergate coverup, the academic scholarship published
since 1977 has documented in exhaustive detail how the critical wings of the Nixon
White House, the National Security Council, the covert operations unit dubbed
“the Plumbers,” and Nixon’s campaign arm, the Committee for the Re-Election of
the President, were all infiltrated by rival power centers in the capital and
exploited for intelligence. The people burrowing in came from the military, the
intelligence community, and the news media (reports that the Soviet Union also
placed moles in the Nixon White House have not been confirmed).
Accordingly, no
national election has so directly had its outcome “altered,” in Beebe’s genteel
formulation, as the presidential contest of Nov. 7, 1972. The incumbent,
Richard Nixon, appearing on the national ticket for the fifth time, a feat
equaled only by Franklin Roosevelt, won reelection with a 49-state landslide,
yet was forced to resign the presidency less than two years later and was
spared criminal prosecution only by Proclamation 4311. Issued by successor
Gerald R. Ford, that document pardoned Nixon for all crimes he “committed or
may have committed” in the White House.
Sen. Howard Baker,
R-Tenn., the ranking Republican on the Senate Watergate committee and later
President Ronald Reagan’s chief of staff, never spoke explicitly of a Deep
State. But he alluded to it once, in suitably cryptic terms. Reeling from his
discovery that the Pentagon had spied on Nixon, and struggling to grasp the
large role of the Central Intelligence Agency in Watergate, Baker said: “There
are elephants crashing around in the forest.”
* * *
The Joint Chiefs of
Staff had been increasingly frustrated by strains with civilian superiors over
the conduct of the Vietnam War, and these deepened as American military
involvement increased. Because of these frustrations, the top military brass
developed an apparatus to help them stay informed during President Lyndon
Johnson’s secretive decision-making process.
The instrument the
military men used was the JCS-NSC liaison office, housed in the Executive
Office Building and run by a pair of admirals. The late Melvin Laird, the
longtime Wisconsin representative selected by Nixon to run the Pentagon, told
me in a 1997 interview that before becoming defense secretary in January 1969,
he had observed the chiefs building what was, in literal terms, a covert
intelligence capability against the White House.
“The Johnson
administration had had such a problem there, and I knew about it,” Laird told
me. “I don’t think [defense secretaries] Clark Clifford or [Robert] McNamara
really realized it, but I knew what they were doing. … So early on, I said [to
Nixon’s aides], ‘You better watch that very carefully.’”
The warning was
well-founded. By December 1971, the White House Special Investigations Group, a
covert unit called the "Plumbers" formed to plug leaks of classified
material to the news media, had uncovered the activities of Navy Yeoman Charles
Radford, a stenographer and courier detailed to the JCS-NSC liaison office.
After intensive polygraph examination, Radford admitted to having stolen some
5,000 classified documents in 1970-71 from White House National Security
Adviser Henry Kissinger and his aides. He'd even rifled through Kissinger’s
briefcase while he slept on his official airplane. Radford admitted having
passed top-secret documents, via the liaison office, to Joint Chiefs Chairman
Adm. Thomas Moorer.
The “Moorer-Radford
affair,” as scholars later dubbed it, ranks among the most serious
constitutional crises of the Cold War. For 13 months in wartime, the nation’s
top uniformed commanders presided over a spy ring targeting the commander in chief
and his national security adviser. As I detailed in a 2002 article for The
Atlantic, based on my access to previously unheard tapes of Nixon’s meetings
and telephone calls at this critical juncture, the president wanted to
prosecute Moorer for “espionage,” but was steered toward a quieter response by
Attorney General John Mitchell.
The latter had been
Nixon’s law partner and campaign manager in 1968, and was the president’s
closest confidant in government. As attorney general, Mitchell became the face
of “law and order” in Nixon’s America, a reviled figure among the drug lords,
revolutionaries, and domestic terrorists of the late '60s. Along with his wife,
Martha, best known for phoning reporters late at night when drunk, Mitchell
received so many death threats that they became the first Cabinet couple to
receive round-the-clock FBI protection.
J. Edgar Hoover, the
aging FBI Director, who'd spent decades amassing blackmail against his bosses
and others in official Washington, seized the opportunity to spy on the
attorney general, who was his nominal boss. The FBI agents who drove the
Mitchells around installed burglar alarms in their plush duplex in Watergate
East, and otherwise ministered to their needs, and typed up every word the
Mitchells uttered in their presence. These dispatches were forwarded up the
chain to Hoover himself, who scrawled instructions and catty notes in the
margins, capped with his trademark “H.” Such intimate surveillance of an
attorney general, Nixon’s most trusted adviser, was unprecedented. I uncovered
it when I used the Freedom of Information Act to gain access to the Mitchells’
FBI files, published for the first time in my 2008 biography of the attorney
general.
The Central
Intelligence Agency also trained its resources on the Nixon White House. By the
time the Plumbers became operational in June 1971, and burglarizing the Los
Angeles office of the psychiatrist to Daniel Ellsberg, the former Defense
Department analyst who leaked the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times, the agency
had installed a longtime officer with a history in covert operations, E. Howard
Hunt, on the team. Langley’s own NSC liaison, an officer named Rob Roy Ratliff,
swore in a 1974 affidavit that Hunt, ostensibly retired from the CIA and
working as a consultant in the White House, was regularly using secure couriers
to send sealed pouches back to CIA Director Richard Helms, continuing right up
until shortly before the Watergate arrests. Sources told investigative reporter
Jim Hougan, author of Secret Agenda(1984), that the pouches
contained sexual “gossip” about White House officials.
When the Watergate
arrests occurred in the predawn hours of June 17, 1972, touching off the great
scandal that would topple Nixon, among the Cubans in the break-in team fielded by
the Committee for the Re-Election of the President was Eugenio Martinez. He was
the only one of the Watergate burglars on the CIA payroll. For months, Martinez
had been sending his case officer reports on the team’s activities; uniquely
among the burglars, he carried on his person at the time of the arrests a key
to the desk in the Democratic National Committee headquarters that was the true
target of the ill-fated break-in. So highly prized an asset was the sinewy Bay
of Pigs veteran that CIA’s top lawyer adamantly rebuffed a request from lawyers
on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force by saying: “Under no circumstances
would the Agency give up all records relating to the Agency’s relationship with
Martinez.”
Nor was that all
Langley did to keep tabs on Nixon. Secret Agenda reported that
the agency was aggressively “lending” technicians to the Secret Service unit
that managed the president’s taping system. One of the technicians told Hougan:
“I don’t know what they were up to, but the fact of the matter is you had these
guys from [CIA’s] Office of Security working in the White House under Secret
Service cover.” Indeed, the CIA’s inspector general reported in 1975, after
Nixon had resigned, that CIA agents had been placed in “intimate components of
the Office of the President.”
The Joint Chiefs, the
FBI, the CIA: There are few more powerful institutions in Washington; all three
were systematically spying on the Nixon White House and campaign committee
during the president’s first term. This, aside from sounding an awful lot like
a Deep State, has not received the attention it deserves from historians,
political scientists, and other students of Watergate and the modern
presidency. The problem of subversion from within the FBI would grow with the
predations of Mark Felt, the No. 2 FBI official whose leaks during Watergate to
Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of the Washington Post earned him the nickname
“Deep Throat.”
Why would these
institutions have wanted to spy on Nixon? Mitchell had a theory. As he told Len
Colodny, co-author of Silent Coup (1991): “It was his
[Nixon’s] personality and his mode of operation that did him in.”
The Joint Chiefs
rebelled at the secrecy with which Nixon and Kissinger, even worse than LBJ and
McNamara, excluded the Pentagon from war policymaking. At CIA, the formation of
the Plumbers triggered a predictable response. For the nation’s premier spy
agency to allow this new White House covert operations unit to operate
unchecked, to stand by while the squad staged break-ins and surveillance
operations on sensitive targets, would have violated all principles of
bureaucratic behavior, and of the spy game in particular.
And for Hoover and the
FBI, the chance to spy on the Mitchells was a simple target of opportunity.
* * *
Yet, there was more to
Hoover’s decision than opportunism, and here, we find a striking similarity
with the Trump era.
During the 1968
campaign, Nixon and Mitchell quietly used a diplomatic backchannel to encourage
the South Vietnamese government to withhold concessions at the Paris peace
talks then underway to end the Vietnam War. The Nixon campaign feared that the
Democratic nominee, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, would benefit from a
last-minute bombing halt or peace announcement by LBJ, and wanted to avert such
developments by persuading Saigon that its interests would be better served
under a Nixon presidency.
The conduit the Nixon
campaign used was Anna Chennault, a glamorous member of the capital’s “China
lobby” with contacts in Saigon. Her conversations with those contacts were
swiftly detected under foreign surveillance maintained by the FBI and CIA. And
from this episode, which scholars have called the “Chennault affair,” selected
elements of the intelligence community, the Deep State of 1969, concluded that
even by the loose norms of their profession, Nixon and Mitchell were men who
needed to be watched.
Top officials of the
Nixon campaign team told me decades later that Chennault was an
over-the-transom type with little influence in Washington or Southeast Asia and
that, in any event, the South Vietnamese government needed little prodding from
Nixon and Mitchell to recognize that the Paris talks would disadvantage Saigon.
But the men in power at the time viewed the matter differently.
McNamara told me he
considered the Chennault affair a bona fide “October Surprise,” a crime:
specifically, a violation of the Logan Act, which forbids private citizens from
interfering with U.S. foreign policy.
While two years of
investigation by the FBI and special counsel Robert Mueller have yet to
establish any evidence of active collusion between the Trump campaign and the
Kremlin, allegations of such machinations circulated widely during the 2016
election season and undeniably produced, within some precincts of the
intelligence community, a deep and irremediable mistrust of the man who would
become the next president. The evidence of this is preserved in, among other
places, the 10,000 text messages exchanged between FBI agents Peter Strzok and
Lisa Page, thick with contempt for the brash New York billionaire and alluding
to an “insurance policy” in the event that he somehow won the election.
It is now clear that
there was at least sloppiness and, more likely, abuse of process in the FBI's
application to the FISA court to eavesdrop on Carter Page, a low-level conduit
into communications by the Trump election campaign. This is confirmed not
simply by the memo prepared by Rep. Devin Nunes, chairman of the House
Intelligence Committee, but also unintentionally by the panel's senior
Democrat, Rep. Adam Schiff, in his would-be rebuttal. It was additionally
underscored by a letter written by Sens. Chuck Grassley and Lindsey Graham
suggesting a criminal investigation of Christopher Steele, author of the
Trump-Russia dossier.
The FBI did not tell
the court that the dossier was a piece of opposition research for Hillary
Clinton's campaign against Trump, emphasized Steele's reliability even though
the bureau had already fired him for lying, and had failed to interview Page
about his Russia connections even though he had proved a reliable FBI witness
three years earlier.
It is not certain that
this is hostile action by the Deep State against Trump, but it smells like it,
and nothing that has yet become public makes it clear that such a suspicion is
baseless. And, of course, we know that the Deep State has been around working
covertly in the political arena for half a century.
The mere existence of
a special counsel provides another similarity with the Watergate era, of
course, but it doesn’t end there. The expulsion of Strzok from the Mueller
team, once his texts were discovered, hardly dispelled fears of anti-Trump bias
within the Office of the Special Counsel. Andrew Weissman, a top Justice
Department prosecutor under Mueller, was revealed to have sent an email
praising a fellow DOJ official for refusing to implement President Trump’s
travel ban. In the political donations made by Mueller’s staff lawyers, federal
filings show, more than $62,000 went to Democrats, only $2,750 to Republicans.
Nixon would have
understood. Seven of the top eight lawyers on the Watergate Special Prosecution
Force had served under Robert Kennedy at the Justice Department. In the early
2000s, again using FOIA, I became the first researcher to mine the WSPF's
10,000-page archive: 10,000 pages in all. And while those papers did not
contain the kind of sophomoric invective for the incumbent that would later
characterize the Strzok/Page texts, the WSPF archive captured the prejudicial
bias the Watergate special prosecutors harbored toward their prey.
Time and again, with
the same casualness and IBM-Selectric font that the Watergate conspirators used
in their own incriminating memos, the WSPF staff lawyers could be seen scheming
to withhold material exculpatory to the Watergate defendants, falsifying
evidence against them, and deceiving their jurors at trial. In 2015, Geoff
Shepard, a former Nixon White House attorney, published The Real
Watergate Conspiracy (2015). The book featured previously unpublished
memoranda that chronicled, in real time, a series of flagrantly illegal ex
parte meetings held by the presiding judge in the Watergate trials, John J.
Sirica, with WSPF lawyers. Shepard’s archival discoveries led even liberal law
professors to express concern for due process in the treatment of Nixon and his
men.
* * *
The notion that
presidents can find themselves isolated, not only from the public and the
press, but from large and important segments of their own bureaucracies,
including the Pentagon and the intelligence community, remained a concern long
after the Nixon era.
In November 1995,
then-Sen. Arlen Specter, R-Pa., the chairman of the Intelligence Committee,
made a shocking disclosure that is all but forgotten today. “From 1986 to
1994,” the New York Times reported, “the Central Intelligence Agency passed on
to presidents and Pentagon officials a total of ninety-five reports from
foreign agents whom it knew or strongly suspected were controlled by Moscow.
... In no case were Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush or President-elect
Clinton warned that the information came from known or suspected Soviet double
agents. ... Even when the agency was all but certain that the source was a
double agent, it kept passing on the reports without warning.” The Chicago
Tribune headline read: WHITE HOUSE FED FLAWED DATA BY CIA.
In 2005, while
covering the George W. Bush White House for Fox News and working on my
Watergate book, I told a top presidential aide, who is still influential in
politics today, about my research on the Moorer-Radford affair, confiding my
astonishment that the Joint Chiefs of Staff had systematically spied on the
president and his national security adviser in wartime. “I wouldn’t be
surprised,” the official muttered, “if the same thing were happening now.”
As Trump surveys the
political landscape of 2018, he too can be forgiven for imagining that the Deep
State, or something like it, exists. Like Richard Nixon, our 45th president
took the oath of office keenly aware that influential figures in the military
and intelligence communities deeply distrusted him as an accused colluder with
a foreign power, as someone who was not “one of us,” and as a man many said was
psychologically unfit for the presidency, whatever voters thought. Both saw
their inaugurations marred by rioting. Both would stand eternally accused,
whatever the evidence, of capturing the presidency through collusion with a
foreign power, and thus be stripped, by media elites that despised them, of all
legitimacy. And like Nixon, Trump has been subjected, from the inception of his
presidency, to unprecedented leaks of classified material to those elites.
In all this, with the
various Russia investigations still unresolved, their ultimate discoveries and
outcomes unknown, Trump would do well to internalize the central lesson of
Watergate, and perhaps thereby avoid some of the many self-inflicted wounds
that Nixon committed during his own death throes against entrenched forces.
This lesson Nixon articulated in the final minutes of his presidency, in the
maudlin and meandering farewell address he delivered to the White House staff
in the East Room on Aug. 9, 1974, shortly before boarding the helicopter that
whisked him away from power.
“Always remember,” he
said, “others may hate you, but those who hate you don’t win unless you hate
them, and then you destroy yourself.”
18 Huge Numbers Show That The US Economy Is
Starting To Fall Apart Very Rapidly
Virtually every piece of hard economic data is
telling us that the U.S. economy is slowing down dramatically. Here are several
of the latest examples…Virtually every piece of hard
economic data is telling us that the U.S. economy is slowing down
dramatically. Many of the pundits have been warning that we could
officially enter recession territory later this year or next year, but these
numbers seem to indicate that it could happen a whole lot sooner than
that. But the stock market has been surging over the last two months, and
at this point stocks are off to their best start to a year since 1987, and as
long as stock prices are rising a lot of people are simply not going to pay
much attention to the economic alarm bells that are ringing. But everyone
should be paying attention, because things are really starting to get bad out
there. The following are 18 really big numbers that show that the U.S.
economy is starting to fall apart very rapidly…
#1 Farm
loan delinquencies just hit the highest level that we have seen in 9 years.
#2 We
just learned that U.S. exports declined by 4 billion
dollars during the month of December.
#3 J.C.
Penney just announced that they will be closing another 24
stores.
#4 Victoria’s
Secret has just announced plans to close 53 stores.
#5 On
Thursday, Gap announced that it will be closing 230 stores over the next two years.
#6 Payless
ShoeSource has declared bankruptcy and is closing all 2,100 stores.
#7 Tesla
is also closing all of their physical
sales locations and will now only sell vehicles online.
#8 PepsiCo
has started laying off workers and has committed to “millions of dollars in severance pay”.
#9 The
Baltic Dry Index has dropped to the lowest level in more than two
years.
#10 This
is the worst slump for core U.S. factory orders in three years.
#11 We
just witnessed the largest decline in the Philly Fed Business Index in more than 7
years.
#12 In
January, sales of existing homes fell 8.9 percent from a year earlier.
That was the third month in a row that we have seen a decline of at least 8
percent. This is an absolutely catastrophic trend for the real estate
industry.
#13 U.S.
housing starts were down 11.2 percent in December compared to the
previous month.
#14 Compared
to a year earlier, home sales in southern California were down 17 percent in January.
#15 In
December, home sales in Sacramento County fell a whopping 22.5 percent compared to a year earlier.
#16 Pending
home sales in the United States have now fallen on a year over year basis for 13 months in
a row.
#17 More
than 166 billion dollars in student loan debt is now “seriously
delinquent”. That is an all-time record.
#18 More than 7
million Americans are behind on their auto loan payments.
That is also a new all-time record, and it is far higher than anything that we
witnessed during the last recession.
It appears that “the recovery” has finally come to an end.
After seeing all of those numbers, there is no way that anyone can possibly
claim that economic conditions are “getting better”.
And even though the official government numbers are highly
manipulated, we never even had one “boom year” throughout the entire
“recovery”.
The final numbers for 2018 are now in, and last year was the 13th year in a
rowwhen U.S. GDP growth was below 3 percent.
The last time we had a “boom year” when economic growth was
above 3 percent was all the way back in 2005. That was in the middle of
the Bush administration.
We have never seen a bad streak like this before in modern
American history. The following comes from CNS News…
But
prior to the current 13-year period when real GDP has failed to grow by 3.0
percent in any year, there has been no stretch (in the years since 1930) when
the United States went as long as five straight years with real GDP failing to
grow by at least 3 percent.
Even though the Federal Reserve pumped trillions of dollars into
the financial system over the last decade, and even though we added nearly 12
trillion dollars to the national debt, the best that the authorities have been
able to do is to stabilize the system for a while. Now it is starting to
sputter once again, and many believe that the next crisis will be far worse
than the last one.
By contrast, the Great Depression of the 1930s featured some
really bad years, but following those bad years the U.S. experienced a tremendous
economic boom…
By
contrast, after the stock market crash in 1929, the United States saw four
years of negative annual GDP—1930 (-8.5), 1931 (-6.4), 1932 (-12.9) and 1933
(-1.2). But then in the nine full years from 1934 through 1942, real GDP grew
by an average of 9.75 percent.
We should have had some boom years too, but we didn’t, and now
things are going to get bad again.
The Democrats are going to blame the Republicans and the
Republicans are going to blame the Democrats, but all of that arguing isn’t
going to solve anything.
What is coming next has been a central focus of my work for a very long time. The last recession
was very painful, but it did not fundamentally alter life in America.
This next crisis will.
The “Everything Bubble” is bursting, the “Perfect Storm” is
coming, and all of our lives will never be the same again.
But that doesn’t mean that there isn’t hope. In fact, once
things really start getting crazy hope is going to be one of the major themes
in my work because people are really going to need it.
There will be great challenges, and life will be very different,
but that doesn’t mean that life is over.
America is about to experience the consequences of decades of
exceedingly foolish decisions, and the pain will be extreme. But
difficult times also offer an opportunity for dramatic change, and that is
something that we will need to embrace.
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